“We kill people based on metadata.” —Former CIA and NSA Director US General Michael Hayden

• IP address is visible to all servers you directly contact
• IP address is public in P2P networks such as Bittorrent, Scuttlebutt, Ring, Tox, etc.
• Fact (and size) of the interaction between people is public

(To Say More)

(To explain further)

• Ricochet
• * Cwtch
• Briar

Similar to how the internet is built layer-by-layer, each one using the guarantees of the previous layer to establish more reliable data-transmission capabilities, Metadata-Resistant Applications build on the guarantees of the previous layer to provide more capabilities, while showing that their capabilities do not break privacy.

* The Open Privacy Research Society (Tor Hidden Service)